North Carolina Agricultural & State University

Dear Honorable, Governor Easily We are nursing, students at Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro, North Carolina we write this letter to bring to your attention an issue that if discussed enough in our community it might bring about change and save lives. This is hypertension.   I am asking for your help in bringing Hypertension a silent killer of our elderly population to the forefront of our community’s attention. My research partner and I have conducted research on hypertension as a requirement for our community 510 nursing course. With our research, here in Guilford County Greensboro, North Carolina:   we have a direct of understanding hypertension moreover, how its ill effects are distressing our elderly population’s health. With your help, we can bring this issue out by an educational campaign. Our research efforts show a need to help the community become conscious to get involved in the community to necessitate and facilitate our elderly population, living with hypertension due to lack of resources, transportation, diet exercise, obesity, chronic conditions. We have hundreds of seniors in our community here in Guilford County who can benefit by having resources to educate them about the causes risk factors and treatment for hypertension a silent killer. By facilitating things such as transportation to medical appointments, education on lifestyles that are conducive to good health, by getting the community involved during our research project we have had a high success rate in improving the effects of those who suffer hypertension among our elderly. Our research provides a description of the comprehensive study of hypertension within the cumulative, etiology, and the consequence on the populace health of the elderly in our area. This research will expectantly accomplish better education about hypertension for our elderly. Helping changing their lifestyle, an example of educating is as most know a good, diet helps maintain our body due to the FDA’s and the medical community’s at large education campaign promoted on our food packages and thru television and radio adds. Amazingly few seniors realize exercise and diet lowers hypertension, and helps problems with blood pressure levels. Hypertension is a reversible problem given the individual can see the benefits of diet and the implementation of exercise, to change their life through education when made available to them. Your support for community responsiveness of the senior’s living with hypertension is significantly valued. Thank you for your public service Sincerely Linda Wesson and Melinda Valetin North Carolina Agricultural & State University                     

Family Photo Albums

J Lee Matt Schwisow ENGL 101 16 July 2012 Family Photo Albums Every summer on our family vacation my mother would say â€Å"One, two, three, cheese† and snap a photograph. My brother and I always hated being in the pictures and wondered why she still made us be in the picture. So why did my mother insist on making us be in the picture? She wanted us to be able to remember every place we have traveled together and capture the memory. The fact we take photographs is a sign we want to preserve our memories.Memories with family and friends can be remembered by taking photographs. Photographs aren’t just for the sake of taking but they also have great personal meaning and are essential to how we may view our own lives. Naturally a human’s memory does not have the ability to recall all events from the past. Therefore, photographs are representations we use to capture the past and recollect those days. Family albums have played a significant role as a directory of famil y ideology. It is a remembrance of our family history and it holds sentimental ties within us.Viewing photographs of deceased loved ones enables to document their lives as they happened and to remember all the memories they had made. I believe that family photographs are form of cultural and personal artifacts expressing unity or coherence. The unity of my family’s photo album has so much significance clustered into one book. Despite the fact this album may be insignificant to others, it carries so much meaning to myself personally. It is a visual of my past and present life. It shows a way of communication and indicated how my family interacts within each other and our relationship among us.It highlights the most important days of each one of us' lives such as birthdays, family gathering, graduation, wedding photos, and more. Family photo albums represent times of happiness and sadness, but as a whole they are one item that can inform us of our family history in such a signi ficant way. For instance, one can represent something so happy and excited in my life such as birthday party and other one can bring sadness from looking at a photo of past loved ones I lost. One photo that is particularly special to me is a group family shot that was taken at our yearly family gathering back inKorea. Every year we used to go camping in the woods or at least have a big barbeque party for about twenty people gathered up including my aunts, uncles, and cousins. This particular photo symbolizes my family sticking together as one. Although the moments passed me by, these photographs keep the memory alive. I know that whenever I am feeling sad or depressed, I can just look back and remember the good times I had with my family who lives so far away. Nowadays, most people keep their photographs online such as on their personal webpage or Facebook.However, having the photographs printed and keeping them inside our actual real photo albums seems more meaningful and heart tou ching. I believe photographs represent the record of a time offering eyewitness version of history that reflects relationships among people, objects, and events. For instance, before I was born my paternal grandparents passed away and I was never given the opportunity to get to know them in person. I was pleased to see the photos of them in our family photo album that my dad showed me when I was young. Photographs offer proof of past lives and they sustain their power of a personal expression of a time.Family photographs are signifiers of a collective life and it is a constant reminder of a connectedness like kinship or friendship. For instance, in times of disrupted or disconnected relations among people, including times of war, when isolation and displacement become the regulation. At that time the family photograph provides reassurance or encouragement and it reconnects individuals and addresses the lost balance. Personal images, like family photographs, offer an emotional and ev en ideological foundation for memory to remind us of these differences in order to understand the present.I definitely want to share this pleased experience to my own children later in life because I feel that I truly have benefited from knowing about my youth even those events that I do not remember. Even that one particular photo could bring back the memories and that one particular photo could remind us to never forget that event, person, and place and be in my mind and heart forever. Family photo albums may take time and energy to complete but it is worthy and it presents a reward of a book full of memories of your own family. All the events that took place throughout the history of my life are all kept together collectively.It highlights the most important events that have happened to my life so far. Lastly, I believe family photographs are perishable commodities that need to be preserved. After all, you don’t make memories but you live them. A family album is almost a t reasured heritage or legacy that speaks volume about my cherished times and keeping up the unforgettable and valuable memories of a family reunion, a picnic, birthday, get together or any other family celebrations and good times with a well kept family album. Family memoirs, vintage or new, are priceless and cannot be bartered or exchanged for anything.

Whan were the foreign policy successes, and what were the failures, of Essay

Whan were the foreign policy successes, and what were the failures, of the Truman administration - Essay Example There’s no even attitude to Truman’s foreign policy course. Some consider him as a president who surrendered millions of people to communism and sent thousands of Americans to death in Korea. Some believe that he contributed to the reconstruction of Europe and Japan, resisting Communism to the extent possible and creating NATO as body of collective security. To determine how successful or unsuccessful was international activities of Truman administration, we adopt the viewpoint of realist school which considers the U.S. as an ordinary country in pursue of self-interest the same way as other powerful countries. Truman had to consider many issues in after-war period. Geo-political post-war landscape changed and the U.S had an opportunity to get a control of international situation of the day. On the other hand Truman had to consider how his foreign policy could effect domestic economic interests and influence public opinion of government officials, media and other powerful groups within the country. All in all Truman faced very difficult situation to handle. The competition between the Soviet Union and the United States began at the end of World War II. Both of the states attempted to align the post-war international order with their interests. The focus of interest for the U.S. after the war was control over Europe, namely Truman was interested in Poland and future of Germany. Truman viewed Germany important to balance the power in Europe. Rising nuclear power of the U.S. gave Truman unprecedented confidence to â€Å"press European negotiations to impasse by refusing the Russians access to the Ruhr, rejecting even their low bid for $4 billion in industrial reparations, and withdrawing the Yalta accords.† (Offner, 1999) However, Truman missed long-term benefits which he lost because of this policy. Zonal reparations, which America insisted on, hindered development of common economy for Germany and contributed to the further

Subculture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Subculture - Research Paper Example Further, Latinos have considerably different histories, cultural approaches and contemporary social problems (Suarez-Orozco & Paez 5). They form a major subculture in the United States, with characteristics that distinguish them from mainstream culture. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distinctive components of the Latino Subculture. Whether the group sees themselves as a distinct subculture and how they are viewed by the mainstream culture will also be examined. Description of the Latino Subculture The main reason for the presence of various subcultures in the United States is immigration from other countries and environments. â€Å"Latinos are not a simple racial or ethnic group, but they are the product of a distinctive civil society† (Hayes-Bautista 5). Latinos are generally described by governmental policy models as: a racial group, a language group, a group with strong affilitation to their traditional culture, a dysfunctional minority gr oup, or an urban underclass. However, the core element of Latinos is the continued presence of a Latino civil society, which provides Latino children with their initial experiences in the social world, teaches them right and wrong, duty, early concepts of civic responsibility, and first notions of personal identity. There is a great heterogeneity among the different groups of Latinos, their experiences depending on various factors such as â€Å"race, color, gender, socio-economic status, language, immigrant status, and mode of incorporation into the United States† (Suarez-Orozco & Paez 4). The social practices and cultural models of multiculturalism contribute to the experiences, perceptions and the range of behaviors of both immigrant and native-born Latinos in ways unprecedented during earlier large-scale immigration. The racial and ethnic categorization of Latinos has high stakes political and economic implications such as civil rights, equal opportunities, and affirmative action. Mainland Puerto Ricans and immigrant Dominicans indicate a high level of transnationalism, evident in the economic, political and cultural strategies adopted by diasporic people. They lead double lives with double loyalties, living alternately between their island and the mainland; remitting large sums of money to their homeland, continue to participate in political processes there, and periodically visit their homeland to maintain their social and cultural ties. Transnational behavior, and alternately moving between the mainland and Mexico has been practised by Mexicans also based on the completion of seasonal work (Suarez-Orozco & Paez 332). Components of the Latino Subculture Symbols In the United States Hispanic popular Catholicism, the hope of resurrection or liberation cannot remove the sufferings of the past and the present. It has to emerge from the living memories and symbols of those sufferings: â€Å"the tears, the blood, the scars, the crucified Jesus† (I sasi-Diaz & Segovia 280). Thus, the second major symbol of Catholicism is a symbol of celebration, of the hope that continues amidst suffering, the symbol of Mary. Latinos identify Mary with the symbol of the crucified Jesus, and crucification is considered as the root of resurrection not only of Jesus but of all people. Latino symbolism is resilient, and is evident in their determination

Evaluation Essay on movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation on movie - Essay Example The movie is directed by Francis Lawrence, produced by Andrew Tennenbaum, source material by Sara Gruen and screen play by Richard LaGravenese. The Main actors are Marlena (Reese Witherspoon), Jacob Jankowski (Robert Pattinson), August (Christoph Waltz) and Charlie (Paul Schneider). From the onset, the movie gives an air of self satisfaction because of its source; a bestseller novel as the source material. Unlike other movies that the industry and viewers have witnessed before that have viewer discretions especially due to language, sex and violence, this movie definitely qualifies to be a broad-based and popular entertainment for the whole family. However, the novel and the ingredients in the movie are very promising that the viewer has the feeling that it could have been better. Despite its uniqueness and richness of the story, there lacks a convincing romantic chemistry in the film and therefore, the emotional connection that one feels should be there cannot be found. Being set at the back of a circus story which in most stories is an epic, majority of all generations being targeted by the movies can identify with. The costume designer should take much credit in the making of a costume that convincingly takes the movie back to the 1970s when circus was popular among the North Americans (Turan). By placing a love triangle deep into the heart of the film in a circus story, the film is able to bring that special aura and romance that remains relevant despite the passing of time. Set against the background of depression in the United States that characterized those times, Jacob had hoped to become a good vet with a Cornell degree. Therefore, in the desperation of unsatisfied dreams, he hops into a circus that forms the skeleton of the film. Therefore, the movie is set against a credible background that especially the older generation all know too well about and especially the depression that comes with lack of job opportunities

Mens Health Magazine Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mens Health Magazine Research - Case Study Example This cause may be based on observed phenomena that are directly or indirectly related to the deteriorating status of Americans' health. The next step is to establish a hypothesis to rationalize some feature of the observations (Hopper, K., 2008). Again, as far as hypothesis is concerned, the magazine's review has enough reason to speculate that children's overall health is parallel to the general lifestyle of its environment, either sanctioned by the government or common customs. The magazine has enough reasons to suspect that comparing cities' lifestyles would determine the status of children's health in these cities. The last step of the scientific method is to meticulously test the hypothesis (Hopper, K., 2008). Keep in mind that hypotheses cannot be proven (Samdahl, D. M., 1997). One can only fail to refute it. As early as now, one may actually say that Men's Health Magazine's review on the fittest and fattest cities for kids is a theory that is neither proven nor unproven. Facts about this statement will be discussed below. As a requirement, scientific method eliminates a hypothesis if tests constantly contradict the prediction. A hypothesis is only as valuable as its capacity to consistently forecast test outcomes no matter how great a hypothesis sounds. One should also remember that a hypothesis or prediction is not important if it is not testable and quantitative (Samdahl, D. M., 1997). Men's Health Magazine's theory is valid, quantitative, and testable. However, scientific method was not used quantifying and testing the publication's theory. The results are also not reliable and tend to change with a little addition or subtraction of the original data gathered. Men Health Magazine's review was based on these collected data: report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reports by the American Heart Association and the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, statistics of winners of the President's Challenge, statistics by the CDC and Claritas, statistics by Economic Census, and the magazine's survey on the amount of fast food consumed within a month (Colleti, J., 2007). All these were quantitative researches on adults' lifestyle --- their exercise habits and eating habits --- and percentage of overweight adult population. Other data collected were reports on the number of fast-food restaurants per capita and sports activities (Colleti, J., 2007) offered to each child. A quantitative type of research would have been sufficient for this review except for the fact that all data gathered were mostly reports on adults' lifestyle. It is like judging a building based on the engineer, without consideration to other essential factors such as the owner's budget for the construction, the timeframe given to finish the structure, etc. While it may be commonly agreed that corpulence is contagious and children have Research Methods 4 a tendency to mimic their adults (Snyder, C., 2007), focusing on this principle does not constitute a solid review. As far as health lifestyle is concerned, the

Risk Management in the Jinjiang International Hotel in China Case Study

Risk Management in the Jinjiang International Hotel in China - Case Study Example According to Ehrbar (1998) management of organizational risk is presented with three outcomes. The first one is the intolerable situation which means that the source of the risk has to be abandoned or in cases where the source was technology then it can be replaced. If the risk is a natural hazard then vulnerabilities are reduced. The second outcome is intolerable situations. This shows that risks are to be handled within the limits of practical resource investments. This can be conducted either by corporate risk managers or regulatory agencies. The third outcome is that of acceptable situations. This can only be applied where the risks are small or negligible. This study shows the tools and techniques used in the management of risks and the implementation of the mechanism in both theory and practical examples.In order to control and evaluate risks, certain objectives are identified, these include; one, identifying the risk in time. The second objective is viewing the likelihood of t he risk and the financial impact on the business. The third is allocating resources available for control in order of priorities and later setting clear control objectives. Thompson (2002) shows fraud occurs in many ways depending on the authority granted in Hotels. Hotels are fixed cost and therefore and therefore implementing loss controls measures maximizes cash flows. In order to avoid an occurrence of risks in hotels, the following method should be followed. First one needs to identify and assess the threats involved as well as the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats (Kotler 1998). Ways of reducing these risks should be identified and the measures based on strategies should be prioritized According to Cannon (1999) the principles of risk management should; create value by improving the organisational position. They should also be part of decision making and act as an integral part of the organisational processes. The principles should also aim at addressing uncertainty through systematic and structured ways basing on the best available information. They should be tailored in order to take account of the human factors. Â  Higuera and Haimes (1996) describe that a good risk plan for managing risk should contain a schedule to control implementation and responsible persons to be appointed for the actions. This paper studies The Jinjiang International Hotel in China that deals with restaurant services, fitness center, internet access, parking, and room service. The five-star deluxe hotels mostly target both tourists and locals living around. It offers an ideal location at the center of Wuhan’s Central Business District. The size of the business is quite large as it can accommodate about 1000 guests per night. It plans to improve its quality in order to bring it to the standards that the guests expect. It is located 30 minutes from the International Airport and 5 minutes from the railway station thus making it a good choice for both businessmen and leisure travelers. The hotel offers leisure, business and meeting standpoints with a destination restaurant, a hot spot bar, and a retail store. The company provides employment to about 400 people.

Proposal on Accounting Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal on Accounting - Dissertation Example The proposed research statement for this research is as follows: - â€Å"To explore and analyze the role of creative accounting in the recent banking crises and failures† Research Objectives The research would revolve around the following research objectives: - To explore various dimensions of creative accounting, earnings management and accounting scandals To analyze the links between creative accounting and the recent financial recession and banking crisis To propose precautionary measures which could draw a line between â€Å"good and moral creative accounting† and â€Å"bad and immoral creative accounting† Literature Review â€Å"Creative accounting is also known as aggressive accounting† (Torre, pp. 52-54, 2009), which refers to the practice of accounting that is in line with the letter of law but very much against the spirit of the law. In other words, it refers to the manipulation of the financial numbers related to the company in such a way to port ray a favorable and positive picture of the company. Quite understandably, the same is done due to the pressures from the stakeholders’ pressure of the company, to achieve targets or to keep their own jobs (Torre, pp. 52-54, 2009). Without any doubts, the current financial recession and banking crisis is very much a product of creative accounting practices. ... d play its part and the same is true for Lehman brothers and various others, which accounted bankruptcy, and the ones, which almost reached bankruptcy (Jones, Powers & Crosson, pp. 41, 2010). Experts believe that it all started due to early signs of financial recession due to bursting of housing bubble and the impact of subprime mortgages (Jones, pp. 254-255, 2009). Banks which were forced to abide by the rules of mark to market accounting had to value their assets at the current market value which was decreasing steadily. With decreasing value of assets, the accountants had a problem at their hands, which was to improve the outlook of the company’s balance sheets so that investors could be wooed not to take away the investments (Jones, Powers & Crosson, pp. 41, 2010). Once accountants knew that the picture was appearing favorable, banks and their managers started acting very irresponsibly by lending money to borrowers who they knew would never be able to pay back under normal circumstances. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac played an important role in disturbing and distorting the financial markets and using the accounting as means to manipulate their financial positions. Quite understandably, this was not the solution of the problem and when the banks reached near the point of liquidation and bankruptcy, the investors and shareholders had no clue whatsoever about the happenings (Davies, pp. 37, 2010; Jones, pp. 254-255, 2009). Methodology In order to conduct this study, the researcher would ensure the use of both secondary and primary data. Secondary data would come under acquisition from different resources, such as books, journals, previous researches, data, statistics, and others. Questionnaires would be the major source of primary data and the target respondents of

Gift of Fear, Just 2 Seconds, and On Combat Essay

Gift of Fear, Just 2 Seconds, and On Combat - Essay Example The book incorporates a couple of ideas. It provides tactics that seek to help readers, especially women, to avoid violence and trauma by educating them on a variety of warning signs as well as precursors to hostility. The novel presents a paradox of genre. Becker seeks to emphasize the inherent predictability of brutality by setting patterns of abuse and violence in his book. The book looks at various settings where violent behavior may occur. These places are the workplace, school, home, and dating venues (Becker 1). Just 2 Seconds, on the other hand, incorporates four critical lessons for protectors. These four ideas are categorized as how to evade attacks, how to evade close attacks, how to evade incidents that imperil other persons, and additional resources that could keep protectors from violent behaviors. The book is based on more than 1,400 violent attacks, especially assassinations of many world prominent people. Hence, the author’s aim is to try to ease these cases and create awareness of how people could avoid them (Becker 1). Finally, On Combat explores, thoroughly, what happens mentally and physically to most people when they meet a deadly threat. The book speaks of coping with the diverse aspects of combat, although from the perception of how people cope with combat. The main ideas of the book comprise the physiology of combat, perceptual distortions that take place during a fatal force encounter, metal attitudes as well as the aftermaths of combats (Becker 1). According to The Gift of Fear, the most powerful tool of preventing violence is through focusing on the verbal as well as non-verbal clues a person gives off. This could predict whether or not the individual or circumstances will lead to violence. The author demonstrates that people who keep to themselves are clearly boiling time bombs waiting to blow up. If SSAs could keep this in mind, then it would help them avoid future violent cases (Becker 1). Just 2 Seconds, on the other

Latin American Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin American Civilization - Essay Example Indeed, the female workers were never allowed to get established. Since Peron was elected in a constitution manner, he wanted to make himself popular by giving some rights to the workers and other social groups in the country.1 During Peron’s presidency, he wanted to deal with the issue of giving hope to the lower class people by giving them a better understanding and pacifying them by offering them some rights that could calm their demand. Therefore, this was in line in making sure that there were no controversies between his government and the workers. Analysts argue that the authoritarian was the best action that the president could have taken as a means of taking care of the needs of the lower class, but the president had some better ideas than that.2 Before his election to the presidency, the laws and democratic rights that were well outlined in the constitution were not practiced in the ground. When he took the presidency, he ensured that he improved the peoples’ standards of living by ignoring the constitution and offering the workers some better schemes that benefited them. He is said to use coercion and repression to achieve his goals. It was affected in such a way that every social service that was given to the society by the government to the people had a string attached to it. Therefore, every service that was given to the society could give back some benefit to the government. For example, the Peron’s foundation FEP that the government established was purposely aimed at abolishing the social charities that had been established by individuals. In their place, social aid was given to the society through the FEP. The major purpose was to create a wider social base that could come to the support of the presiden t.3 Peron also wanted to support from both genders in the population. Before his release and election to the presidency, women were never allowed to participate in the

Military history Essay Example for Free

Military history Essay You [Military professionals] must know something about strategy and tactics and logistics, but also economics and politics and diplomacy and history. You must know everything you can know about military power, and you must also understand the limits of military power. You must understand that few of the important problems of our time have in the final analysis, been solved by military power aloneJohn F. Kennedy (Quoted from â€Å"Winning the Peace the Requirement for Full-spectrum Operations† by Chiarelli and Michaelis (2005). Military history-just like any other form of history- can make or break you depending on how you use it. In US, for example, military battles and wars can be traced back to the 1700s when America was in the verge of attaining independence. From then onwards, there have been a series of wars-mainly in their conquest and colonization efforts. In other parts of the world, military history also faced variable evolutions that led to the utilization of different forms and strategies. All these wars can however be collectively summarized with the first and second world wars which saw direct or indirect participation of almost all countries from all over the world (Gabel, 1985, p. 1-85). It is from studying such rich history that current military professionals are able to have a relatively easy time when going about their vital schedules. These lessons can be in form of making improvements on already discovered fundamental concepts or alternatively, learning from past mistakes by avoiding them. Failure to positively learn comes with a bag-full of consequences; more aptly put in the words of John Santayana â€Å"Those who do not know history are doomed to repeat it. † In giving his contribution to this vastly debated subject, RAF (2010, p. 152) rhetorically asks that â€Å"If the study of history is so fraught with problems, and either so easy to get wrong or difficult to get right, depending on one’s view of the contents of the glass, why bother at all? † Well, so many answers-backed with evidences-have been advanced to support both ends of the debate. However, the focus of this paper is going to be on circumspectly highlighting the importance of studying military history-which most researchers amass as being vital-while partly highlighting its demerits. Before delving deep into why we should or should not study military history, it is inherent that we start by mentioning the importance of history as an entity in itself. It is from getting this background knowledge that we will be able to ardently address the issue of military history. Most scholars tend to heavily draw their knowledge from historical data; so they strongly commend the study of history in general. Others, on the other hand, either oppose it or support sparing use of historical sources. To the latter, history-more so the written type-is subject to people’s interpretations, understandings and opinions thus may be misleading in studies since it is not very accurate or reliable (RAF, 2010, p. 153). For example, Presher (1901) describes his views on America’s abuse of noncombatants in a Filipino village. To some historians, the abuse described here was not really abuse but just an exercise of power. Both views might therefore be very confusing to people trying to get the real picture of what happened during that time. According to RAF (2010, p. 153), the literature studied in history â€Å"Is inevitably extensive and, almost equally inevitably, much of it is impenetrable on first inspection. † This may also deviate from what is really meant. RAF goes ahead and advises that if we are to get the most accurate and precise representation of what happened, we need to study â€Å"In breadth, depth and arguably most importantly in a proper context. † We should also ensure that we focus on many sources from authoritative individuals so as to get facts rather than myths or fables which might be misleading (p. 152-156). For instance, The long shadow of little rock is a personal memoir of Daisy Bates which makes the writing authentic and credible as opposed to other military history records which are narrated from the perspective of hearsays. Just like any major area of human concern, the study of military history has its predefined language and concepts. Consequently, when studying military history, it is inherent that you familiarize yourself with jargons used here. For example, words like Strategic, operational, Tactical and Individual are used in military history to represent the realms of traditional history (Kagan (2006). It is also important to note that the studies should be conducted in an order. Haphazard studies tend to confuse rather than perform the fundamental functions of studying military history. Having said that, what really are the advantages of studying military history? Elementarily, RAF (2010, p. 157) documents that military history studies by military professionals offers entertainment, inspiration, information and pride to its students. Just by studying about the escapades of our historical heroes and villains in their military obligations, we are able to get entertainment since most of the stories are appalling. On top of that, we get informed from the in-depth descriptions of the war times. In With the Old Breed, Sledge (2001) grippingly describes the horrendous experiences at Peleliu and Okinawa while informing the readers of how difficult it was to survive during that time. In effect, someone studying the story gets informed and entertained at the same time. Murray Sinnreich (2006, p. 32) assert that â€Å"Military history helps provide the theoretical foundation for the science of war, and continues to do so even in an era of huge technological and social change. † Gabel (1985, p. 3) exemplifies this by talking of â€Å"clumsy, unreliable, difficult to operate† fight tanks that provided a basis for the formation of better tanks to be used in other wars. In another example to show how one piece of history laid theoretical foundation for another, Lupfer (1981, p. 8) says that: The Germans did not win the First World War and their strategic conduct of the war was often flawed. Yet, much value can be derived from their development of tactical doctrine, for the Germans developed and applied new tactical doctrine impressively in 1917 and 1918. Their tactical changes were systematic and thorough, for these changes in doctrine directly affected subsequent battlefield success. In addition, studying military history provides a platform for referencing by military professionals. Lupfer (1981, p. 8) articulates of changes made by the army of Germany courtesy of army’s high command—OHL. First, a defensive doctrine is adopted based on previous studies then later, an offensive strategy is adopted. In the long run, the German army succeeds in curbing their oppositions in the western fronts. According to Hanson (2007), military history also plays the irreplaceable role of reminding us happenings of the past and how the people back then contributed to our current state. The numerous documentations of the battles in the 1700s helps us not only to know the sacrifices endure for the achievement of independence but also reminds to be grateful and appreciative of all the villains who paved the way for the current freedoms in the U. S Moreover, military trainings only cover a small portion of the fundamental aspects involved in military education. Most scholars opinionate that military history helps in filling the knowledge void left by other forms of military education. Specifically, military history enhances practicability of military education which is crucial for the growth of military professionals. Hanson (2007) adds that â€Å"Democratic citizenship requires knowledge of war—and now, in the age of weapons of mass annihilation, more than ever. † It is for this reason that institutions that focus on military history are slowly-but steadily- rising in many nations. This is also evident with the various movies, shows and songs that currently tend to incorporate aspects of military history. Examples include award-wining movies like Troy and 300 among many others. In spite of being hugely debated by many researchers, Hanson-and a handful of other scholars-further opinionate that military history teaches us that war is not necessarily as bad as most people perceive it to be. So even though millions of people may get killed or innumerable properties may get destroyed, through war, we may get peace, freedom or even progress economically which is positive. In other words, war involves doing something bad with the hope that something good may come out of it. This can be exemplified with the outcomes of the vastly covered World wars (WWI and WWII); despite the numerous deaths and huge economic losses that resulted from them, the wars also pioneered dialogue which led to freedom and peace amongst the involved states. On the flipside, the study of war does not necessarily equate to advantages. Chiarelli and Michaelis (2005) support this statement by saying that â€Å"A gun on every street corner, although visually appealing, provides only a short-term solution and does not equate to long-term security grounded in a democratic process. † So in spite of peace being the ultimate target for wars, many wars end up with worse rivalry thus worsening the already bad situation. In instances where peace or freedom was not realized from the war, students who study the war may end up sucking in bad influence and negative lessons rather than the positive lessons that is targeted for them. It is also important to note that some people who study military history may get private information on some confidential issues which may pose a threat to those living around them. An example is chemical combinations of making a bomb landing in the hands of a terrorist. This poses a danger not only to people living around the terrorist but also on the country as a whole. Yet still, the study of military history can prove quite costly and risky. So many people currently focus on technological advancements, discovery of new drugs to solve the current diseases, making work easier through software among other things. I effect, very little time and attention is given to studying of past histories. The fact that history cannot be changed yet we can determine what becomes of our future makes even more people gutter the study of history while concentrating on current affairs as well as prospective forecasts. As a result, those who concentrate on studying military history mostly have to personally dig into their pockets so as to the studies as opposed to the millions of dollars donated daily towards new researches. In addition, those who study military history have to sometimes come to terms with poor hospitality and hostility from their subjects. In Dougherty’s (2005, p. 1) interview of historian and free-lance writer Robert Kaplan on his military research book Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground, Kaplan reveals that he had to trail soldiers through inhospitable and volatile areas just to get an interview from them. In his studies, he visited Yemen, Iraq, Ethiopia and Philippines- who at the time of the interviews were quite unwelcoming thus making it difficult for him to get substantial information. Dougherty (2005, p. 1) further exemplifies these acrid conditions by saying that in order for Kaplan to get valuable information from the soldiers, â€Å"He immerses himself in their world, spending weeks and months living with soldiers in their quarters, joining their missions, eating, drinking, sweating, freezing, and sometimes starving, side-by-side with them. † Adding on to the demerits, Kagan (2006) says that the complex nature of military language which involves â€Å"Unit sizes and nomenclature, acronyms and abbreviations, typologies of military activity† may sometimes prove too multifarious and confusing to normal students (those without professional military knowledge). Dougherty (2005, p. 3-6) gets Kaplan to talk about the complex language that existed between the military sergeants, generals and commanders in their communication. In some cases, it was even a must for the military officials to know and communicate in other foreign languages. At such points, some meanings maybe distorted to those recording as well as those studying the history based on the various communication syntaxes and rules that govern different regions. Lastly, the proliferation in ways of solving disputes has lessened the use of military personnel by most countries. As of today, most disputes are solved through dialogues, courts and round-table negotiations by world superpowers. In effect, the study of military is only done by a few people who rarely dig deep into these annals of history. The many fundamental functions that military history provides are therefore slowly being corroded away by the ever increasing modern forms of conflict resolution. In conclusion, it is noteworthy to say that military history plays an important role in preparing soldiers for wars. It may not necessarily empower them but it offers them insights on how their opponents fight, their strengths, weaknesses, previously successful combat methods, what they should avoid among other vital details which are invaluable before going to war. On the other hand, military history should be used sparingly so as to avoid complacency by soldiers based on overconfidence. Aptly put in the words of Henry Kissinger (1978); â€Å"History is not, of course, a cookbook offering pretested recipes. It teaches by analogy, not maxims. It can illuminate the consequences of actions in comparable situations, yet each generation must discover for itself what situations are in fact comparable. † References Bates, D. (1987). T The long shadow of little rock. Fayetteville. P. 1 – 5, 43 – 76, 82 – 106. [64 pages] Chiarelli, P. W. , Michaelis, P. R. (July-August, 2005). Winning the peace: The requirement for full-spectrum operations. Military Review, p. 1 – 17. Dougherty, E. (2005). Warriors for Good: Interview with Robert Kaplan. Atlantic Unbound. Gabel, C. R. (1985). Seek, strike, and destroy: U. S. army tank destroyer doctrine in World War II. Hanson, V. D. (2007). Why study war? CITY journal. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from http://www. city-journal.org/html/17_3_military_history. html Kagan, F. W. (2006). Why military history matters. AEI Online. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from http://www. aei. org/outlook/24600 Kaplan, R. (October, 2005). Imperial Grunts: With the army special forces in the Philippines and Afghanistan—laboratories of counterinsurgency. The Atlantic Monthly, p. 84 93. Lupfer, T. T. (1981). The dynamics of doctrine: the change in German tactical doctrine during the First World War. Murray, W. , Sinnreich R. H. (2006). The past as prologue: the importance of history to the military profession. Google Books. p. 32. Presher, F. (1999). Private Frederick Presher describes the U. S. Army’s abuse of noncombatants in a Filipino village, 1901. Major Problems in American Military History. p. 230 – 231. RAF, P. W. G. (2005). XII. Why Study Military History? Defence Studies, 5(1), p. 151-164. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/14702430500097408 Sledge, E. B. (1981) With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa. P. 55 – 10.

Apply The Theory Of Consumer Behavior To Tea Drinking Marketing Essay

Apply The Theory Of Consumer Behavior To Tea Drinking Marketing Essay With the deepening of research on consumer behavior, people more and more profoundly realize that consumer behavior is an integral whole, is a process, and obtaining and purchasing are just a stage of this process. Therefore, the study of consumer behavior should investigate and understand the evaluation and selection activities of consumers before the obtaining of products and services, and whats more, attention should also be paid to the activities of the use and disposal after the obtain of the products (Elizabeth, 2009). Since consumer behavior is important, research on the theory of consumer behavior is necessary. In a narrow sense, consumer behavior only refers to purchase behavior of consumers and the actual consumption of consumer data. In a broad sense, consumer behavior not only comprises some decision-making processes, which refer to various actions that consumers take for the demand and dispose of consumer goods, but also includes a serious of complex processes, such as t he obtain of consumption revenue (Leon, 2007). Both theory of central place and model of space interaction regard the consumer group activities as the research object. Theory of central place assumes that consumers will tend to a recent center that can provide goods or services, which accords with the agent of economic-man. According to the theory of central place, consumers are intellectual in saving cost and maximizing their utility. Model of space interaction regards that consumer behavior is closely linked to the reaction of center attraction and the competition among other center systems. In real life, purchase decision-makers, buyers, users of the same goods or services may be the same individual, also may be different. Consumer behavior is closely related to the exchange of products or services (Bruce, 2009). In the condition of modern market economy, enterprises research on consumer behavior focuses on establishing and developing long-term exchange relationship with consumer s. In order to earn more profits and make a long-term development in the fierce competition, enterprises should firstly need to understand that consumers are how to acquire products and services, and they also need to know that consumers are how to use products and products are how to be treated after the use. Consumers spending experience, mode and feeling of disposal old products can have an impact on the next round of consumers purchase, in other words, it can directly influence the long-term exchange relation between enterprises and consumers. There are many factors that can have an impact on consumer behavior, and this article will just introduce some main factors (Laura, 2009). The first one is cultural factor. Culture is the basic factor of desires and behavior of human. Different culture can generate different social strata. Due to the diversity of value, consumption, aesthetics and habits of different social strata, they have different ways of choosing pattern, quantity, qu ality, design requirements of products. Consumers of each stratus have their shops and products of adapting themselves. The second one is social factor. Social factor refers to related groups, character and position of family and individual. In purchasing behavior, consumers often use the most general consumption concept and consumer behavior to regulate their own consumption behavior, so related groups around consumers especially their family and good friends have a considerable influence on the purchasing behavior of consumers. The third one is personal factor. Purchasing decisions of consumers are affected by their individual characteristics, such as age, occupation, economic status, lifestyle and self-concept. The fourth one is psychological factor. The psychological factor concludes demand and motivation, consciousness, learning and memory, attitudes. These factors not only affect and in some extent resolve the decision-making behavior of consumers, but also can has enlarging o r inhibition effect on the external environment and marketing stimulation. 2, Apply the theory of consumer behavior to tea drinking With the improvement of living standards of residents and the changes in the concept of consumption, tea drinking has transferred from the former life luxury to daily necessities of life. More and more consumers choose tea drinking as their main drinking, instead of other drinking. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the main reason is that great changes have taken place on purchasing behavior of consumers. A serious of factors that influence consumer behavior can have an impact on tea drinking (Natalie, 2009). The first aspect is the change of cultural factor. With the change of value and consumption of consumers, more and more consumers choose tea drinking. Natural, healthy, natural regression has become the main health consume trend that more and more consumers pursue. The reason why tea drinking suddenly fire arises is that it meets the consumers needs, and the consumption way of tea drinking meets the requirement of modern way of life. The characteristics of tea drinking can be summarized as three low: low calorie, low fat and low sugar. Natural, thirst, healthy, refreshing, tea drinking is more thirst than carbonated drinks, and is more pleasant than water drinking. Tea drinking is not only elegant, lingering fragrance, rich in health care, bur also has the function of nutrition, health effect and thirst quencher. The second aspect is the change of social factor. If some consumers like the tea drinking, they can affect the related groups, and the last outcome is that some relevant consumers choose tea drinking. The third aspect is the change of personal factor. One of the reasons that tae beverage began to sell lies in that the income level of young consumers has an improvement in recent years. With the increase of disposable income of the younger generation, most consumers regard that bottle beverage is more expensive, but they feel more smart, fashion. People with the characteristics of pop, fashionable and fancy will more choose the consumption of tea drinking. The fourth aspect is the change of psychological factor. Brand loyalty has a lot to do with the consumer behavior of tea beverage market. Due to brand loyalty, consumer behavior can have positive effect on tea drinking. Once consumers like to drink some tea drinking, they will choose the same tea drinking under the effect of brand loyalty. Another reason that more and more consumers like tea drinking is that health consciousness of people has risen. In the past carbonated drinks like cola drinks occupy the absolute superiority in the cool and refreshing beverage market, and drinks with high sweetness are popular in the non-carbonated drinks. The reason is that people think that since purchasing, the higher the nutrition has, the more cost-effective it is. With the lifestyle of high-income people gradually European, people start caring about their weight. Because people pursuit vogue weight as a fashion, tea beverage of low sweetness is reasonably to be accepted by people. People with the characteristics of the pursuit of good figure tend to consume tea beverage. Undoubtedly, it is precisely because tea beverage meets the function and psychology demand of contemporary consumer that it develops so quickly in such a very short time. Consumer behavior has an impact on purchase behavior of consumers, which directly decides the demand of tea drinking. Therefore, consumer behavior has a great influence on the development of tea drinking. 3, Impact of theory on marketing strategies for tea The foundation of marketing decision-making is the research on consumer behavior, which is inseparable with the marketing activities of enterprises. The establishment of marketing strategies for tea is not an exception, and it will be affected by the theory of consumer behavior. The research on consumer behavior has a very important significance on improving the level of marketing decision-making and enhancing the effectiveness of marketing strategies. Consumer behavior can have an impact on drinking behavior, which influences the formulation of marketing strategies for tea, such as advertising and drinking environment (Lee, 2007). On the one hand, there are many kings of tea, if enterprises want to accepted by consumers and establish brand loyalty, it is necessary to emphasize brand image and brand management. Through the research on consumer behavior, enterprises can understand each index of various brands, such as visibility, buy/usage, loyalty, conversion and reputation. Based on understanding image, status and evaluation of each brand in the consumers, enterprises can make better brand development strategy. Tea has many different types, such as green tea and black tea, and different types should lay out different marketing strategies in order to attract more consumers. On the other hand, because people pursuit vogue weight and some consumers pursue nutrition, it is necessary to make market segmentation in the tea beverage market. Market segmentation is the foundation for the formulation of marketing strategies. The purpose of marketing segment for enterprises is to find target markets which are appropriate for themselves. According to the demand of target markets, tea enterprises can formulate targeted marketing plans, in order to more fully satisfy the unique needs for consumers of the target markets (Norton, 2006). Through the effective market segmentation, tea enterprises can divide different consumers into different consumer groups so that they can imp lement efficient marketing strategies to meet the needs of different consumers. In the process of enterprises development, every enterprise has to develop new products in order to meet the needs of consumers. In the course of implementation of new products, tea enterprises can take marketing strategy that every consumer can drink free of charge in a certain period of time so that consumers can accept the new product better. Besides, tea enterprises can give tea of small packing to consumers. Tea enterprises can develop new products according to understanding the needs and desires of consumers and the evaluation of various products attributes. It can be said that the research on consumer behavior is an important source for the design of new products, and meanwhile it is also an important way of testing new products of various factors, such as performance, packaging, taste, color, specifications, which can be accepted and in what ways it should be further perfected. The aim of the dev elopment of new products is to obtain more market shares and meet the needs of different consumers. Natural, healthy, natural regression has become the main health consume trend that more and more consumers pursue, so tea enterprises should blend this trend into their advertising and marketing strategies (Eric, 2004). Consumers regard tea drinking as a fashion, so advertising and marketing strategies of tea enterprises should add fashionable element so that consumers can accept it easily. Through the study of consumer behavior, tea enterprises can understand the way that consumers gain information, the attitude and evaluation that consumers treat advertising and promotion of enterprises, so that tea enterprises can set up set up reasonable and effective advertising and promotion strategies. 4, Statistics on Tea consumption in China According to introducing of tea industry insiders, tea beverage is the fastest-drinks in Europe and America in the 1990s, and it is regarded as a beverage of new era. In Taiwan and Japan, tea beverage has become the first biggest drink variety, and 95% of beverage enterprises in Taiwan produce tea beverage. In recent years, the development speed of tea beverage market in China has exceeded 300%, and tea drinking has become the third drinking after carbonated drinks and bottled drinks, increasing rapidly. According to tea consumption in China, readers can find that the development of tea consumption is China is fast. With the passage of time, the consumption will continue to become larger. The following form is the tea consumption in China in recent years (internet data): year Output(tons) Revenue(billion yuan) 1984 0.66 3.3 1990 1.7 4.4 1995 6.9 23 1996 9.4 35.2 1997 10.5 41 1998 11.6 45 1999 13.5 54 2000 14.4 55.5 2001 15.5 58 2002 17.5 65 2003 20 70 Form the above form we can find that with the improvement of living standards of residents and the changes in the concept of consumption in China, tea drinking has transferred from the former life luxury to daily necessities of life, and Chinese consumers have more and more tea consumption. 5, History of Lipton Tea Lipton is the largest tea brand in the world. It not only represents the tea experts, but also stands for an international, fashionable, urbanization life. Lipton has remained superior quality and aromatic delicious of successive generation for more than 100 years (internet data). With its bright yellow Lipton delivers its purpose to the world: natural light, vigor and good fun. Mr. Thomas once went out to travel and reached Ceylon, a famous tea production area. British people like Ceylon tea very much, but due to the high price of drinks, only few people can enjoy it. Lipton sensitively realized that if he can make the tea enter the mass of everyday life, it will become a good business. Lipton was founded by Mr. Thomas in 1871. In 1890 he officially launched Lipton tea in Britain, and his slogan is direct from tea garden to the tea pot. In 1892, Lipton began its globalization movement. It firstly opened its factories in the United States, and then ran its branches in India, entering the far eastern markets. In 1898, Lipton was conferred dignity by queen, winning the reputation of the king of tea. 80 years after the old Lipton beginning its global expansion of Lipton brand, the history of Lipton occurred qualitative change, and the unilever, the most famous global individual consumer group bought the entire Lipton brand. Since then, Lipton boarded this global ship of unilevel and started its more powerful expansion. Combining the marketing experience of Lipton and unilever, products of Lipton tea now are on sale in the 110 countries and regions. Whether fame or sales, Lipton tea is the biggest global brand in the world, and its sales are higher at least one time than the second-largest brand. At the same time, Lipton tea is the third non-alcoholic beverage that consumers choose most, only after the Coca Cola and Pepsi cola. In 1992, Lipton tea entered the oldest and largest nation in the world: China. Within five years, Lipton tea won the achievements of the fi rst tea bags sales and the first market share in the investigation of mall in China. In 2001, Lipton established its global brand image again. According to different taste of consumers, Lipton makes precise market segmentation, and launches a serious of tea products in order to meet the needs of different consumers. Distinctive brand logo for the new movement of Lipton is quickly popular among young people all over the world. The vitality, healthy and upward that Lipton creates have infiltrated into the heart of young people. Lipton not only creates a kind of brand-new brand experience for young consumers, but also pours a fresh energy into tea drinks. 6, Branding and marketing of Lipton Tea China Tea culture, especially green tea culture has taken root in China for over a thousand years. Under the influence of ancient tea culture, Chinese consumers have a deep understanding about tea and the benefit of tea. Black tea originated in China has become the indispensable tea drinks in Europe and America. However, Lipton tea is obviously an exotic for todays Chinese consumers (Adam, 2009). Using black tea as its core brand, since entering Chinese market in 1992 Lipton has realized that it must break through the traditional branding and marketing gimmick of tea products in order to make Chinese consumers understand and accept Lipton brand. On the one hand, Lipton Tea is guided by the market rather than the product orientation. Lipton divides various products of tea into different categories, constantly creating new tastes and user experience. Aiming the demand of consumers rapidly drinking a cup of tea, Lipton attracts a lot of young people and office white-collar. In the website, Li pton puts several dynamic humorous videos for consumers, delivering the information that drinking tea can achieve the following purposes: keeping lightsome body, representation of youth, getting rid of fatigue and prolonging life. Various functions and different flavors of products can meet different age groups and different needs, so that Lipton can have a clear market goal and pounce in branding and marketing. On the other hand, Lipton devotes to standardization of products and brand image. Due to the reasons of plant environment, picking and making, tea products are difficulty in forming the standardization of taste. Many consumers have not the ability of identification of tea, so tea enterprises have the opportunity of shoddy. With the media exposure and the gradually mature of consumer behavior, it actually is a trust crisis for enterprises. Based on function orientation of products and brand orientation, Lipton has made a good image in the mind of consumers, so standardization of products and brand image is a great wealth for Lipton. In addition, the branding and marketing of Lipton is winning channels and the king of terminals. Lipton uses its strong image in the channel and terminal change the drinking habit of young generation and White-collar. Using the innovation marketing method of internet, Lipton has closely interaction with consumers in the fan BBS, which lets Lipton brand into the life of generation even the mood. 7, Current marketing strategies Besides the high quality and the solid foundation of brand, Lipton never slows the pace of understanding consumers and establishing communication with consumers (Jean-Pierre, 2001). Lipton devotes itself to marketing innovation: brand promotion. The current marketing strategies of Lipton focus on modern young people and White-collar. They are active, like pop culture, pay attention to health and wander about working partners to share little drops of life. Now Lipton values the needs of the Internet boom and the emotional contact between consumers. As the core products, Lipton tea is not only a simple office drinking, but also strives to deeply communicate with office white-collar group in emotional level. Lipton finds that everywhere is busy White-collar in modern city, though they are lucrative, they work strain. Although they want to contact with friends, office life takes most of their time. Lipton uses Lipton tea as a contact link between friends, which can close the relations be tween colleagues through the good office afternoon tea in relaxed moments. On the one hand, Lipton establishes brand image of the tea experts in the targeted consumers. On the other hand, it brings forth healthy tea and life attitude for consumers. In order to satisfy the consumers needs of good form and health, after efforts of four years the global RD center of Lipton and Lipton tea research institute launch Lipton tea, rich in catechin and healthy diet.

Choice based letting system

Choice based letting system Committee report on the advantages and disadvantages of choice based letting. Summary This report sets out the advantages and disadvantages of moving to a choice based letting system. 1. Introduction. 1.1. The Communities and Local Government Department introduced the Choice-based Letting (CBL) scheme in 2001 as a pilot programme. The programme was intended to offer ‘choice and make more ‘transparent the letting procedure to the consumer. Based on the Delft model, it was intended to â€Å"replace the points-based allocation system with a lettings service that home seekers could understand†. The Delft model was developed in the Netherlands as a replacement for distribution model or the allocation of social housing via a waiting list. 1.2. This report is intended to highlight the 2. Needs based allocation and its issues. 2.1. Choice in the public service sector has been on the British political agenda since the late 1990s which in turn has forced a revaluation of needs- based allocations. The social rented sector, which consists of local authorities and housing associations, since the 1970s has based housing allocations on ‘need. This has been achieved by allocating ‘points to indicate if a household was living in temporary accommodation, inappropriate accommodation due to overcrowding and/or unacceptable accommodation due to disrepair and condition. 2.2. The ‘needs based system of allocation has become established within the social housing sector as the method for allocating council houses, and with the use of other criteria such as waiting time has endured for over thirty years within the sector including the shaping of guidance and legislation. Needs based allocations were based upon a list of ‘reasonable preferences categorised as †¢ families with dependent children and pregnant women; †¢ people occupying temporary or insecure accommodation; †¢ persons with a particular need for settled accommodation on medical or welfare grounds; †¢ households whose social and economic circumstances mean that they have difficulty securing settled accommodation; and †¢ Statutorily homeless households. 2.3. Within the research some critics have expressed issues with the needs based allocation system. The above categories show the concept of ‘need is narrowly defined and as such has not been implemented correctly, the ability to wait for a better house ensures that those in less ‘need can obtain better quality housing. Discrimination of the sort that is unconnected to housing needs, such as racism, is still present within the system . Specific issues regarding needs based allocations include the unpopularity and complexity of the points system, the suspected tendency of applicants or landlords on a points based system to exaggerate their need in order to secure additional points. Another issue is the idea that this system results in an area becoming overrun with poor and disadvantaged households occupying a single tenure, social rented housing. 2.4. Other, more general inefficiencys relating to the needs based system include the amount of offers to the consumer that are turn down, the large proportion of applications that are of date but still remain on the waiting list, areas of low demand that bureaucratic rationing fail to address and the opinion that the need based system is highly coercive and gives the consumer no real prospects to articulate their opinions or chose accommodation that is to their preference. 2.5. Overall the needs based or bureaucratic rationing system to some commentators and consumers is unpopular and overly complex. The consumer has no concept of the points system and those that do adopt a regime of points chasing. 3. How Choice-based Lettings works 3.1 Choice-based Lettings (CBL) replaces the traditional way of allocating housing under which housing officers seek to match applicants who have priority on the waiting list to available vacancies. CBL allows applicants for social housing (and existing tenants seeking a move) to apply for available vacancies which are advertised widely (eg in the local newspaper or on a website). Applicants can see the full range of available properties and can bid (ie. apply) for any home to which they are matched (eg a single person would not be eligible for a three-bedroom house). The successful bidder is the one with the highest priority under the scheme. Authorities provide feedback that helps applicants to assess their chances of success in subsequent applications. 3.2 Choice Based Lettings is a new approach to letting homes which will make lettings arrangements more transparent and give prospective tenants more control over the lettings process. Rather than homes being allocated by the council, choice based lettings allow tenants and prospective tenants to bid for the available properties they are interested in. Available homes will be advertised on the internet and a bi-weekly property magazine, which will allow applicants to see what Council or housing association housing is available in the area and enable them to play a greater role in the process of selecting their home. 3.3 Choice based lettings will not increase the amount of available social housing. However, people seeking re-housing will have accurate information on how many homes are actually available, where these homes are located and their chances of being housed. As the system is much more transparent, housing applicants will have all the information necessary to make their own informed choices. Bidding All registered home-seekers will be able to ‘bid for the homes advertised. Bidding can be done through the internet, by phone, by text or by coupon. The property magazine will list many details including a photograph of the property, its location and the size of household that the home is suitable for. People will only be able to bid for a property suitable for their household size. A shortlist of bidders will be drawn up and the home-seeker in the highest priority will be offered the property. If they do not want to accept the property it will be offered to the next highest bidder and so on. Other Options One of the advantages of the transparency of choice based lettings is that it helps people understand the likelihood of being re-housed, and consider options other than being housed by the Council or housing associations. There are many other alternatives to social housing available to home-seekers in Thanet and we will regularly publicise alternative options, such as the Councils Rent Deposit Scheme, and promote the role of the Housing Options Team in working with home-seekers to resolve their housing difficulties. Information Applicants have more information on their housing opportunities. They will see the number of properties available and the level of priority of successful bidders. Choice based lettings will also provide a place to advertise opportunities for shared ownership, and hopefully in the future private rented options. While creating greater choice for people seeking re-housing, choice based lettings encourages people to take greater responsibility for their future housing. It helps people who are unlikely to get into social housing to consider other options to meet their housing requirements. Support Other statutory and voluntary agencies that support vulnerable members of the community will have an important role in ensuring their clients benefit from Choice Based Lettings. We will help train these agencies so they can support their clients to bid for properties. Our Housing Options team will also provide advice and support. There will be a variety of ways to bid. People will be able to choose a method which suits them. Information will be available in public areas and we will also have a procedure where people can bid on the behalf of others, e.g. relatives and friends, staff or support workers, who may have problems otherwise. We will monitor people who do not bid to find out why this is happening and see if there is anything we can do to help them. There will be more publicity on choice based lettings before the launch so that everyone is aware of the new system, and where they can go for more information and help.

Faulkners Condemnation of the South in Absalom, Absalom Essay

Faulkner's Condemnation of the South in Absalom, Absalom       William Faulkner came from an old, proud, and distinguished Mississippi family, which included a governor, a colonel in the Confederate army, and notable business pioneers.   Through his experiences from growing up in the old South, Faulkner has been able to express the values of the South through his characters. William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom offers a strong condemnation of the mores and morals of the South.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faulkner's strong condemnation of the values of the South emanates from the actual story of the Sutpen family whose history must be seen as connected to the history of the South (Bloom 74).   Quentin tells this story in response to a Northerner's question:   "What is the South like?"  Ã‚   As the novel progresses, Quentin is explaining the story of the Sutpen myth and revealing it to the reader.   Faulkner says that the duty of an author, as an artist, is to depict the human heart in conflict with itself.   This attitude is revealed in the conflicts that Henry Sutpen undergoes in Absalom, Absalom.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Sutpen is the son of a poor mountain farmer who founded the Sutpen estate.   Thomas Sutpen stands for all the great and noble qualities of the South, and at the same time represents the failure of the South by rejecting the past and committing the same types of acts that his ancestors did (Connelly 34).   He rejects his own father to adopt a plantation owner as his surrogate father, who acts as a model of what a man is supposed to be.   When the plantation owner tells Sutpen to use the back door instead of the front door, Faulkner is using ... ...).    Works Cited    Aswell, Duncan. "The Puzzling Design of Absalom, Absalom!" Muhlenfeld 93-108    Bloom, Harold, ed.  Ã‚   Absalom, Absalom! Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea.  Ã‚  Ã‚   1987.    Connelly, Don.   "The History and Truth in Absalom, Absalom!" Northwestern University, 1991.    Faulkner, William.   Absalom, Absalom!   New York: Vintage, 1972    Levins, Lynn.   "The Four Narrative Perspectives in Absalom, Absalom!"   Austin: U of Texas,   1971.    Muhlenfeld, Elizabeth, ed. William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!: A Critical Casebook. New York: Garland, 1984.    Rollyson, Carl. "The Re-creation of the Past in Absalom, Absalom!"   Mississippi Quarterly 29 (1976): 361-74    Searle Leroy. "Opening the Door: Truth in Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!" Unpublished essay. N.d.

Comparing Hurrican Hits England and Not my Business Essay -- Grace Nic

Comparing Hurrican Hits England and Not my Business The two poems I am to compare are Grace Nichols â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† a poem that shows that the whole world is one world and how a storm reminds a Caribbean woman of home. The author obviously misses her home country and feels it in the storm which she wrote about, the violence of the storm is harsh and causes some damage. The second poem, with which I will be comparing â€Å"Hurricane...† is Niyi Osundare’s â€Å"Not my Business†. This poem describes the violent and horrific nature in which the Nigerian Government treated those people who disagreed with the state. It describes the pain and suffering they forced upon these people and how the pain and suffering is then brought to the narrator. This poem is about shared responsibilities and the way that tyranny grows if no one opposes it. It is composed, simply, of three stories about victims of the oppressors, followed by the experience of the speaker in the poem, in which he has not done anything, but the fact that he knows makes him a target. The poet is Nigerian but the situation in the poem could be from many countries, there are words used like â€Å"yam†, and the names of the people which tell you this. The poem echoes, in its four parts, a statement by Pastor Martin Niemà ¶ller, who opposed the Nazis. Speaking later to many audiences he would conclude with these words, more or less: â€Å"First, they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak... ...oem. The last lines of this poem emphasise the confusion surrounding why they are there. The line, â€Å"The jeep was waiting on my bewildered lawn† is personification which suggests that no-one, not even his lawn, knows why it’s happening. And then a repetition of the word â€Å"Waiting† makes it seem as though the men have to do a lot of waiting and that time maybe seems to go so slowly because of these things that are happening. Both of these poems are excellent at enforcing their own point in their own ways, â€Å"Hurricane†¦Ã¢â‚¬  through tactile emotional words and beautiful yet violent images of the storm, and â€Å"Not My Business.† through blatant disregard for human life depicted through the eyes of a hunted man, who is hunted because he knows what is going on. All in all two excellent and well thought out poems, each with their own perfectly presented message.

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have their own role to play (their own "function"), and work together smoothly in order to form a harmonious whole (macro). The metaphor often used to describe functionalism is that it views society as a body, with the different socialisation agents —government, media, religion, the family, etc., and, of course, education—being like the different organs in a body, each contributing in a different way to keeping the entire body healthy. Functionalism assumes that the various institutions of a society always operate so as to support that society as it is. If they didn’t, the society would perish; therefore, functionalism believes, it’s safe to assume that they do in any society one may encounter, for otherwise the society would no longer be here for us to study. Functionalism is based on value consensus which provides stability and functional prerequisites. In Marxism it is based on capitalism. In capitalism, the minority class, the bourgeoisie or capitalist employers who own the means of production make their profits by exploiting the labour of the majority, the proletariat. As a result, work under capitalism is alienating, unsatisfying, poorly paid and something over which workers have no control over. This creates the potential for class conflict. The functions of education, in functionalisms perspective, for society as a whole are to meet the shared goals (value consensus) of society. Where as Marxists see education is based on class division and capitalis... ... the system helps the transmission of society’s value consensus; prepare the young for adult roles, the selection of young people in terms of talents and abilities for appropriate roles in adult life. The provision of knowledge, skills and training necessary for effective participation in the labour force. Which in essence is based a pun meritocracy, equal opportunities, sifting and sorting people in society, having the right skills for the job and value consensus. Where as in Marxism it has a huge impact on people with power ideologies. And creates feudalism which then initially leads to capitalism which in quintessence creates class conflict. The biggest difference over all is that Functionalism wants societies to be harmonically were in Marxism it could never be achieved if everything was to be equal.

How Romanticism and Photography Shaped Western Modernitymodern

â€Å"Western modernity was shaped by cross-currents between Europe and North America in the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century. † Neoclassicism was a movement which focused on the rediscovery of Ancient Greek and Roman values and style (and called Greek revival in the United States[1]). It was a defining trait of the Enlightenment age and of its reasoning-based political and artistic thinking and saw its apogee during the Napoleonic era.Starting in the 19th century, this movement was opposed by the Romantics, who ended the strict rules of neoclassicism and made the expression of their emotions and feelings the basis for their art, may it be poetry, literature, painting or music. The English romantic poet William Wordsworth called romantic poetry â€Å"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility†[2]. Compared to the neoclassicists, romantics such as Edgar Allan Poe or Victor Hugo were â€Å"modern†.They anticipated mentality changes in the Western world. Parts of western modernity were shaped by interactions and cross currents between Europe and the United States during the 19th and 20th century. These centuries were characterised by a break from the established rules and the artistic past and were times of new technologies as well as increasing interaction between the two sides of the Northern Atlantic. Such Euro-American relations, may they be artistic, cultural and even political have never died out.To understand our Western modernity, this paper shall examine two different aspects of these artistic cross-currents. Firstly, the romantic current played an important role in all the arts, ranging from poetry to architecture. Finally, the appearance of the documentary art of photography has in many aspects shaped modernity and even later led to the invention of motion picture and cinema[3]. Firstly, the Romantic Movement that swarmed across Europe and North America starting in the 19th century helped to shape western modernity.The Romantics broke away from the neoclassicism and the Enlightenment era and, as Samuel Taylor Coleridge puts it, Romanticism is the expression of â€Å"intellectual intuition†, and combines reason and emotion to find Truth and Beauty. The movement focused on individualism and even egocentrism, the importance of the â€Å"self†; the concept of â€Å"author-as-hero† was particularly popular. Romantics also elevated human and divine imagination and inspiration, revered nature and ts mysteries and authors often opposed an ideal view of reality to the sense of loss and melancholy, as Baudelaire does in the section â€Å"Spleen and Ideal† of â€Å"Les Fleurs du Mal†, his poetry volume. In short, they believed in beauty for beauty's sake and art for art's sake. This was modernity. Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Baudelaire are the epitome of the relations and cross-currents between North America and Europe shaped modernity, as Charles Baudelaire often translated Poe' work from English and made it accessible to French readers.Edgar Allan Poe was a famous American romanticism writer who lived in the first half of the 19th century. He surely deserved William Butler Yeats’s praise for being â€Å"always and for all lands a great lyric poet† as he was one of the earliest short story writers and often considered as the inventor of modern crime fiction and the modern character of the detective, a self-referential character. Poe clearly revolutionized and therefore modernized literature and western modernity greatly inherits from his work. He had a well-know taste for writing ghoulish and mysterious stories.In â€Å"The Man of the Crowd†, a short story he wrote in 1840 for example, an unknown narrator follows a mysterious old man throughout the crowds and bazaars of London. This story emphasizes how the â€Å"wanderer† or â€Å"stroller† can walk through the crowded city whi le still maintaining an outside view: he does not buy anything and does not even notice the narrator. The story opposes the individual to the rest of the people, seen as one group: â€Å"the crowd†. Charles Baudelaire translated this story to French in â€Å"L'homme des foules†. For Baudelaire, the flaneur becomes important to understand urban modernity as he â€Å"walks the city to experience it†.This image of an outsider is also mixed with the image of the dandy, and Baudelaire is known to be somewhere between the two, as his peculiar habits testified. Baudelaire defines modernity as the â€Å"ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent, the half of art whose other half is the eternal and the immutable† in â€Å"The Painter of Modern Life†, which he writes about Constantin Guys without revealing his name. For Baudelaire, Guys is the painter of modern life because he is not only a flaneur, he is also able â€Å"to distil the eternal from the transito ry†.Guys, who wanted to remained unnamed in Baudelaire's review, was a an army man with no artistic education who started with drawings specialized in war but later also represented modern urban life in London and Paris such as popular celebrations or simply street scenes[4]. Constantin Guys never signed or exposed his paintings and was only recognized in his time by Baudelaire and a circle of friends of which the prominent photograph Nadar. He painted and drew from memory and Baudelaire writes in â€Å"The Painter of Modern Life† that â€Å"Monsieur G. ever ceases to drink the fantastic reality of life; his eyes and his memory are full of it. â€Å"[5] â€Å"Ou il faudrait ne voir que le Beau, notre public ne cherche que le Vrai†, writes Baudelaire in  «Le public moderne et la photographie ». Modernity for Poe, Baudelaire and the Romantics in general is finding and creating beauty for the sake of beauty. Baudelaire did not appreciate the first photographs that were made of him such as the one by Etienne Carjat shown below. In his critique of the Salon de 1859, he blames the new industry of photography for the decline of French spirit.In â€Å"Le public modern et la photographie†, Baudelaire writes that the ignorant modern crowds believe that what is identical to nature is art and that they wrongly believe that therefore photography is â€Å"l’art absolu†. â€Å"Les insenses! †. Even though photography was the refuge of bad painters and was first considered industry and not art at first, it is nowadays considered by many both an art and a way of documenting life and events as in all newspapers and magazines, especially the ones that focus on nature, journalism or even fashion photography. [pic][pic] Baudelaire by Carjat.Carosse, drawing by Guys One of the first kinds of photography, the daguerreotype process was named after its French inventor Frenchman, Louis Daguerre. In 1839, it was eulogized in the Fren ch academies of Sciences and of Fine Arts by Francois Arago because he found it useful for astronomy. Using such processes, the French photographer Nadar, friend of Guys and Baudelaire who lived and had his studio on the rue Saint-Lazare in Paris, had the opportunity to photograph many figures of the French arts and journalism scene such as Gustave Dore or Alexandre Dumas.Until the 1870s defined the modern photographic portrait: thanks to an astute use of lights, his portraits were more life-like than the ones by other photographers. He used no decor, a â€Å"neutral background† and â€Å"clothes that served simply to bring out the sitter's outline†[6]. The telegraph inventor Samuel Morse brought the daguerreotype to the United States after meeting Daguerre in Paris in 1839. Such cross-Atlantic contact was already common in the 19th century and even Poe spent time on both sides of the ocean.Because photographic techniques kept on improving and modernizing, picture look ed more and more lifelike and representative of reality. Photography was most notably used during the American Secession War from 1861 to 1865. Photography was not only used by upper-class citizens in daily bourgeois life but also as documentary photography. The great characters as well as horrible events of the civil war were for instance immortalized, partly for the sake of information and truth. As shown below, Gardner’s pictures of the war have integrated the American historical heritage.It was the avant-garde of modern mass media: in 1933, the first photograph was transferred on a newspaper, revolutionizing forever modern newspapers. [pic][pic] Alexander Gardner's photographs in Antietam, USA, September 1862 But modern photography was also well elevated to the statute of fine art in the life time of the internationally recognized photographer and gallery director Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946): he is considered â€Å"a crusader for modernism†[7]. Stieglitz worked pa instakingly and succeeded in legitimizing the fine art of photography.He became of Expressionist leaning and started to replace naturalism in his art with exaggeration and the expression of â€Å"intense, subjective emotion†[8] as his piece shown below, Equivalent suggests. , once again proving his pioneering role in the perception of modernity. [pic][pic] The Terminal by Alfred Stieglitz (1892)Equivalent by Stieglitz (1926) Western modernity was shaped by the cross currents across the Atlantic in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially the Romantic Movement of which Poe and somehow his follower Baudelaire were part of.Poe and Baudelaire pioneered western modernity as they have for the self-reflecting character of the flaneur and by for example noticing Constantin Guys and his modern urban dweller drawings. Thanks to the invention and rise of photography during the end of the 19th century painting was liberated from the need to represent accurately and modern painting was tri ggered by a wave of creativity in the beginning of the 20th century. Photography also contributed to shaping western modernity, especially by documenting the Civil War that ravaged North America and by the creation of portraits of intellectuals in France.The invention of photography also eventually led to cinema, which became increasingly popular and accessible throughout the 20th century to become the seventh art and for some companies a very profitable industry. Photography is also one of the ways journalists make us see what is too far from us, such as modern day events like the Arab revolutions. In short, photography, starting with, among others, Daguerre, Nadar, Gardner and later Stieglitz became a full part of western modernity both in industry and fine art.

Chicano Art Essay

Chicano art started in Mexican American communities within sustain of the civil rights society, suitable a national art progress with global span which includes CARA exhibition, Los fours and the other exhibitions. The appearance, institutional carry out the ritual though innovation, mythic construct; political and civilizing engagement. During the 1960’s there was a lot going on the world, not only did Chicano had to stand up for them. They wanted to find ways to express Chicanos, in searching of ways one popular movement came which is the art. First of all, phantom sighting after the Chicano movement was developed in the early 2000’s this exhibit wanted to still reveal about the Chicano society. The meaning of their exhibit was broken down into three reasons. According to the book, number one- Chicano art produces to be seen, does not exist in the art world. Number two- self identified Chicanos who refuse the category. Number three- homonym’s for sighting sitting, citing â€Å"actions that turn the apparitional into something real†. I agree with those terms, however this exhibit was made and feels modernize. In which the book, states that it is a visual of everyday life; therefore we have to understand that each of the artists will view the world differently. Further than a century of discrimination adjacent to one of the biggest alternative residing in the United States with the purpose of continues now. Hispanics are targets of unfairness and are not proffer equivalent opportunities in jobs and learning. The prejudice dates back toward the finish of the Mexican War while thousands of Mexicans became American citizens overnight. .according to history, this happened, because of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. That helped them to settle in America. Unfortunately they had a rough time in America, and later than in the three generation of individual born in America Chicanos resolute to uprising. Secondly, another exhibition called Chicano vision American painter on verge, this exhibit consist majority of paintings. â€Å"They were Chicano looked and at the world though Chicano eyes† , during a reading came across this appealing quote. Hence it correlates with the book of this title. The book has come up with so many flaws and positive aspects. One issue was struggled to gain acceptance in the gallery world, as stated in the book. Rather than waiting around, the artists would go and display their works anywhere that has people, example the book said â€Å"in public places wall† this has grab viewers attention because most people think of tagging or graffiti. However that is not the reason, artists have reason to put such a mural or scene on the wall. They wanted to tell a story, and expressing how they felt. Wondering what types of influences did artists have? Music, expressionism, impressionism, and photorealism were the reasons as mentioned in the book. Glugio†Gronk†Nicandro one influence was listening to the Beatles; Carlos Almarez has painting style similarity as an expressionism. John Valdez has an excellent photorealism painting, called Car show; that painting could easily be mistaken as a photo, if the artist did not explain what medium was used. In the late 1960’s and 1970’s formed social and political literacy, according to the book; therefore 1965 there was a popluar civil right activist, Cesar E Chavez. Who is known to fight with the famers to gain respect and equality; the iconographic figure is sun mad by Ester Hernandez. One great example is frank Romero, who creates the death of Ruben Salazar the painting is remembering on Ruben Salazar’s death, because he was known as a writer and activist during the 1960’s involve with the Chicano movement. In addition, the Chicano Movement not just do the unruly early life of the 20th century form a strong alteration here the connotations linked with Mexican-Americans nevertheless they as well did sculpture, paintings, perform to outward appearance a cultural personality exceptional and definitely their hold. For the most part viewing on Southern California during the 1940’s to the current, Chicano Art looked into older ancestry from Mexican painters like Rivera, Siqueiros, and Kahlo, and they follow certain styles and images. Third exhibition, â€Å"Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation, 1965-1985–toured major museums around the United States† as the author states, and known too CARA. This is an intriguing response from New York Times. â€Å"But where the Whitney show remains largely an attempt by art-world insiders to simulate an outsider art, â€Å"Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation† is the real thing, coming straight from the heart and mind of an entire culture, and having both the vitality and the limitations that such breadth of intention and intensity of feeling bring. † Agreement within the statement is highly recommended, those artists have work hard and fought for their place to put an art show; and illustrate to the world who are the Chicanos and what is going on in life. Overall all three exhibitions are admirable, but they each have similarities and differences. The exhibits discusses about these topics; people, culture, history and political aspects. Phantom sighting is view- conceptual over representative; that was stated in a lecture in class. Chicano Visions was look as creating an identity according to the book. CARA points of reasoning, is taken though all different ways such as â€Å"cultural studies, feminist theory, anthropology and semiotics† in which the author states.

Was the English Civil War a War of Religion?

Was the English Civil War a war of Religion? The English Civil Wars of 1642 to 1651 had religious connections indefinitely, yet to say that they were wars of religion is slightly blindsided. Economics, national and foreign policy and the rule of King Charles I all played pivotal roles in the wars, in particular, the role of the King and his failings to rule. Such failings lost support for the King on a large scale and led to the argument that this was the beginnings of democracy where the people wanted to look elsewhere from the monarchy for a better governed country.The wars were not fought intently for religion but instead against the monarchy and the dreadful rule of King Charles I for a better led democracy. Such democracy was largely connected and associated with the Parliamentarians who offered opposition to the failing Royalists and hope for change. With the Royalists and the Parliamentarians fighting for power and for leadership of their country, two parties with no major rel igious qualms were set to go to war.For the Roundheads, the ultimate desire was not religious but was to â€Å"safeguard parliaments place in the constitution from the creeping threat of royal absolutism’ that had seemed to be prevalent since at the least 1626. † The parliamentarians offering opposition to the Royalists were in a political sense, seen as the answer in the search of democracy through which they gained mass support. However in answering the question, religious connections must be analysed with a mind on the importance to the civil wars.Importantly, England was a strictly protestant nation after the Reformations of the 16th century and King Charles struggled with Parliament in connection to religion and caused much tension and ill feeling within England. In keeping with his high Anglican faith, the King appointed his main political advisor, William Laud as the new archbishop in 1633. The Protestant people of England accused Laud of Catholicising the Churc h of England and in turn Laud imposed fines for not attending Anglican Church services.He aroused further public anger in 1637 by cutting off the ears of three gentlemen who had written pamphlets attacking Laud’s own views. Such strict and brutal behaviour caused fear in the people and alienate Laud’s church. Further still, the marriage of King Charles to the Roman Catholic French princess Henrietta Maria 1625 had previously caused a general fear of Catholicism to emerge in England but this was only built upon by the measures Laud had instigated. Clearly religion did have an impact yet it is the subsequent effects that matter.These religious matters crucially caused a lack of support for the monarchy and the realisation that the monarchy needed Parliament to govern effectively. The King was blind to this and this forced the people to look elsewhere for democracy. This was the true nature of the war to fight for control and a new democracy. To continue, King Charles the First showed incompetence throughout his rule losing the support of his people gradually but surely. A series of failings displayed his inability to rule yet first and foremost was the manner of King Charles.Michael Young describes Charles as ‘a stubborn, combative and high-handed king, who generated conflict† whilst Richard Cust continues that â€Å"he was not stupid, but he did suffer from what Russell calls ‘a tunnel vision’, which made it very difficult for him to understand anyone’s perspective other than his own. † Shy and obnoxious, Charles was unwilling to conform to parliament insisting that he was chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings†.Many parliamentarians feared that setting up a new kingdom as Charles I intended might destroy the old English traditions that had been integral to the English monarchy and its country and this belief from King Charles I of the divine right of k ings only exacerbated this. Importantly at this point, parliament was subject to dissolution by the monarchy at any time and they had to weary of this. In all, King Charles was unsuitable to rule England and his character flaws along with his beliefs and reluctance to compromise left him on a one way path to disaster and crucially, unpopularity.He needed parliament yet he himself did not know it, instead his own policies and decisions would alienate him from the people and would be his very downfall. More so disastrous for his reign than his â€Å"indecisive, inadequate and ineffective† personality were the policies of King Charles I. The King wanted to take part in the Thirty Years’ War of Europe at huge costs and with heavy expenditure. Parliament foresaw these impossible costs of the war and refused to support King Charles yet this did not stop the King in pressing ahead with his European Wars.His conquests continued past the dissolution of parliament into his †˜personal rule’ until he was forced to withdraw from the war making peace with Spain and France; the monarchy’s finances were shattered and the King had dissolved Parliament ending any hopes of financial support from taxes. Here the King demonstrates his naivety with the country sustaining incredible financial troubles with little reward to show for it but most importantly he lost further support of the people. People began to question his ability to rule and began to look elsewhere towards parliament.Perhaps the clearest indication though that he was unable to rule without parliament came with his 11 year Personal Rule. For 11 years, King Charles avoided calling a parliament during which time he made several crucial mistakes. Most importantly, without Parliament, Charles was left with little revenue and so he looked to other means of income. Controversially, the King tried to implement Ship taxes, exploiting a naval war-scare and demanding tax from inland counties to pay for the Royal Navy.The tax was questionable at best, supported by law but regarded as an illegal tax; men refused to pay the ship tax and argued that the tax was illegal in court, but most lost and were fined. Further resentment to the King was growing among the English people and again they blamed the Kings lack of parliament and his inability to rule without it. King Charles I foolishly looked to enforce policies in Scotland also. The King had hoped to unite England with Scotland and Ireland to create a single kingdom with a uniform High Anglican church.This idea scared Parliament with fears of losing traditional English ways evident. Despite this, summer of 1637 saw Charles I interfere with Scottish religion introducing a new high Anglican English book of prayer to the Scottish despite the Church of Scotland having strict traditions. This was duly followed by resistance and riots in Edinburgh followed by a rebellion. Naturally the King responded by leading an army to the Sco ttish border and challenging the rebellion.A second war followed in 1640 where embarrassingly King Charles’ forces were defeated by a Scottish army who continued to capture Newcastle; Charles now had a rebellion on his hand but with insufficient finances he could not defend anything of the like, he was forced to form a new parliament and seek the taxes that they brought. The Scottish were demanding ? 850 a day to keep them from advancing and this was all Charles’ own doing in trying to change religion in Scotland. It can be argued as indeed C. Russel does that, â€Å"Religion undoubtedly contributed heavily to the outbreak of the Bishops wars.It contributed to the English defeat in the wars, by building up a party in England whose sympathies were on the Scottish side. † However these religious disputes were not a direct cause of the civil war rather that once again King Charles had made a mistake and proven his inability to rule without the credible parliament. The people were becoming all too aware of these failings and his delusions. The dislike for King Charles I continued to climb with his ordered execution of Thomas Wentworth May 1641.The King had sacrificed one of his chief advisors in the hope of preventing war yet it was all in vain. Here his incapability’s had resulted in an execution and the backlash in Ireland was total chaos with the faithful Catholics fearing a protestant resurgence. Further tension between the monarchy and parliament was seen and the King looked very weak at this point. Finally, the end of King Charles of England rule came in 1642, early in which he had attempted to capture five members of the House of Commons.The King had gone accompanied by 400 soldiers to arrest the five members on charge of treason yet upon arrival at parliament the Speaker refused to reveal the whereabouts of the suspects. Crucially, Lenthall replied â€Å"May it please your majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as this house is pleased to direct me whose servant I am here; and humbly beg your majesty's pardon that I cannot give any other answer than this is to what your majesty is pleased to demand of me† voicing his determined allegiance not the King but to Parliament.This portrayed the feeling between Parliament and the King and it was only then that the King saw that he had real opposition. Following his latest failing Charles had fled from London in fear of his own safety but continued to negotiate with Parliament through until the summer to no avail. With the summer passing towns and cities began to voice their allegiance for either the Royalists or the Parliamentarians and the war was beginning to emerge. Quite literally King Charles had got it all wrong and had even sparked off a civil war with his attempts to arrest parliament members.Importantly it was the King’s attempts to arrest members of parliament that sparked the war as opposed to any religio us factors or disputes and the Kings incompetent ruling of the country that continued to fuel the civil wars for years to come. In conclusion, the English civil wars on 1642 to 1651 were not wars of religion. Without doubt religion played a role in the distancing between the King to his people and Parliament and also with the Bishops wars, yet it was not integral to the emergence of the war or indeed throughout the war.Rather the war was a war of power and control with Parliament attempting to provide democracy to the unsatisfied people in contrast to the diabolical failings with the rule of King Charles I. King Charles was incapable of ruling the country, demonstrating his incompetence with endless examples to make the people want for a new democracy and better leadership for their country; and that they did with support for Parliamentarians seen in huge numbers. The Kings failure to rule and govern the country had directly led to intervention from the Parliamentarians and the star t of the English civil wars. Word Count – 1920Bibliography 1. Coward, B. (1980) The Stuart Age; England 1603 – 1714. Pearson Education Limited 2. Cust, R. (2002) ‘Politics, Religion and Popularity’, Charles I and popularity. (ed. ,Cogswell, T. Cust, R. Lake, P. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 235 3. De Groot, J. (2004). Royalist identities. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 4. Hill, C. (1958). Puritanism and revolution: Studies in interpretation of the English revolution of the 17th century. London: Secker ; Warburg. 5. Kishlansky, M. (1999) ‘Tyranny Denied: Charles I, Attorney General Heath, and the Five Knights’ Case. 42: 53 6. Morrill, J. S. (1993). The nature of the English Revolution: Essays. London: Longman. 7. Parliament. uk; Speaker Lenthall defends Parliament against the King. Accessed 27th March 2012. Available from http://www. parliament. uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlig hts/archives-speakerlenthall/ 8. Russell, C. (1990) The Causes of the English civil War. Oxford: Clarendon Press 9. Sproxton, J. (1995). Violence and religion: Attitudes towards militancy in the French civil wars and the English Revolution. London ; New York: Routledge. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Coward, B. (1980) The Stuart Age; England 1603 – 1714. Pearson Education Limited [ 2 ]. Cust, R. (2002) ‘Politics, Religion and Popularity’, Charles I and popularity. (ed. ,Cogswell, T. Cust, R. Lake, P. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 235 [ 3 ]. Cust, R. (2002) ‘Politics, Religion and Popularity’, Charles I and popularity. (ed. ,Cogswell, T. Cust, R. Lake, P. ) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 235 [ 4 ]. Kishlansky, M. (1999) ‘Tyranny Denied: Charles I, Attorney General Heath, and the Five